Leonardo da Vinci, Julian calendar (April 15, 1452), was born in the Renaissance period in Italy. He covered areas: including drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, Engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology and cartography. He is known as the father of paleontology, botany and architecture, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest painters of all time in the world (died May 2, 1519), who contributed to later artists, while the latter only It is unmatched by its contemporary Michelangelo. Although he has not received formal academic training, many historians and scholars still view Leonardo as a model of "global genius" or "renaissance people", "genius curiosity" and "very creative Powerful imagination ". [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Chinese name
Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci
Foreign name
Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci
Country of Citizenship
Florence Republic
Nation
Italian
place of birth
Finch Town
date of birth
April 15, 1452 (April 23, Gregorian calendar)
Date of death
May 2, 1519
Occupation
painter
faith
Catholic
Major achievements
Outstanding representative of the European Renaissance
Created many superb paintings
representative work
"Mona Lisa", "Last Supper", "Hammer Manuscript" and so on.
Year-round
67
Explanation
Leonardo means: from the town of Vinci, the name is Leonardo
Artwork
Anecdote
Biographies
On April 15, 1452, Da Vinci was born in Vinci (Tuscany Hill Town) three hours after nightfall, near the valley where the Arno River flowed, at the time this place was under the control of the Medici family Territory of the Republic of Florence. Leonardo da Vinci's father was Se Piero da Vinci and he was a legal notary in Florence, so he was very rich. His mother Katerina is a peasant woman. Da Vinci is their illegitimate child. Leonardo does not have a real surname. His full name "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci" means: "Leonardo, son of Mercer Piero in Vinci" The "ser" in his name only indicates that his father is a gentleman.
Little is known about Leonardo ’s childhood. He lived in the village of Vinci with his mother before the age of five, and lived in the town of Vinci with his father, grandparents and uncle Francesco after 1457. His father married a 16-year-old girl named Albiera. She loved Leonardo, but died very early. When Leonardo was 16, his father married Francesca Lanfredini, 20. It was not until his third and fourth marriages that Da Vinci's father had legal heirs.
Leonardo did not formally learn Latin, geometry and mathematics. Later, Leonardo recorded two minor accidents as a child. Once, a bird hovered over his cradle, and the feathers on its tail swept his face. Another time, he discovered a cave while exploring in the mountains. Although he was afraid that there would be monsters in it, he was finally driven in by the curiosity to find out.
Leonardo's childhood has become a historical suspect. Giorgio Vasari, a 16th-century Renaissance biographer and painter, described a local farmer who made a shield and asked Leonardo da Vinci's father Piero to paint on the shield. Son Leonardo drew a flaming tongue monster. The painting was lifelike and frightening, and Piero sold it to an art agency in Florence, and the art agency sold the painting to the Duke of Milan. Then Piero bought the farmer a new shield with the money earned from the transfer of the painting, with a red heart painted by an arrow.
The image of Leonardo that we are more familiar with basically comes from his famous self-portrait, so when we mention Leonardo, we always think of a wise elder like a philosopher.
The beautiful bronze statue of David, sculptured by his teacher Verrocchio, is said to model the young Leonardo. The period when Da Vinci's artistic career developed most smoothly was in Milan from 1482 to 1499. Leonardo da Vinci played the lyre well, and he was first known in Milan as a musician rather than a painter or inventor. During this period, he did not have many paintings, but his unparalleled talents were very popular with the Grand Duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan.
In 1499, in order to avoid war, Da Vinci traveled in Mantua and Venice and carried out some scientific research.
In 1500, Da Vinci returned to Florence and began writing "Mona Lisa". "Mona Lisa" uses a variety of painting methods such as perspective. After this, Leonardo went to Milan and continued to serve in the Milan court.
In 1513, he moved to Rome, which was not a very flattering place for Leonardo. He made a short stop there and met Michelangelo and other artists in Rome at the time, but did not reveal any of his artistic genius. There he basically studied some tricks similar to magic, so that the Romans regarded him as a wizard.
In 1516, Leonardo went to France and finally settled in Amboise.
In his later years, he rarely painted, concentrated on scientific research, and left a lot of notes and manuscripts when he died. The contents range from physics and mathematics to biological anatomy. There are not many paintings that he completed in his life, but all of them are immortal. His work has a distinct personal style and is good at combining artistic creation and scientific discussion, which is unique in the history of art in the world. The academic community generally divides its creative activities into two stages: early stage and heyday.
The Last Supper
Renaissance humanism (Renaissance humanism) has no mutually exclusive extreme phenomena between science and art. Da Vinci's research in the fields of science and engineering is as unforgettable and outstanding as his works of art. The approximately 15,000 pages of notes and drawings in the manuscript are all records of mixed art and science. These records are from Da Vinci's European journey by observing the surroundings and constantly creating.
His book "Hammer Manuscript" contains a lot of early scientific knowledge, but the degree of sophistication and complexity is still comparable to the science and technology of modern society. This book covers almost all of its research directions, a series of natural sciences such as physical engineering, mechanical dynamics, bioengineering, human anatomy, astronomy and architecture and strives to express them with the most perfect series of mathematical formula When he came out, he called mathematics "a beautiful linguistics."
Left-handed, he wrote in mirror images throughout his life. For left-handed authors, it is easier to pull the feather pen from right to left than to write from left to right, and it will not confuse the newly written words. Therefore, his diaries are mirror images.
Leonardo da Vinci self-portrait
In science, Leonardo da Vinci is an obsessive observer who can express a phenomenon with a very fine description. But it is not verified through theory and experiment. Because of the lack of formal education in Latin and mathematics, most scholars of the same period did not notice Da Vinci in the field of science. Leonardo knows Latin by self-study. Someone once said that Da Vinci intended to publish a series of papers on various topics, but it did not materialize.
The rhombicuboctahedron painted by Leonardo da Vinci appeared in Diva Proportione in Luca Pacioli in 1509
Leonardo began to understand human anatomy when he studied with Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchio insisted that all disciples learn anatomy. When Leonardo became a successful artist, he obtained permission to dissect the human body at the Hospital Santa Maria Nuova. He then worked at the Hospital Maggiore in Milan and the Hospital Santo Spirito (the first Italian local hospital). From 1481 to 1511, he worked with Doctor Marcantonio della Torre (1481-1511). In 30 years, Leonardo has dissected 30 human bodies of different genders and ages. When working with Dr. Thor, Leonardo prepared to publish anatomical works and produced more than 200 paintings.
Leonardo was exposed to anatomy at around 15 years old. His unmarried biological father, the notorious notary in Florence, sent him to Verrocchio as an apprentice. Andrea de Verrocchio is a famous Florentine painter and sculptor in Italy. In Verrocchio ’s studio, Leonardo received various trainings: painting, sculpture, and mechanical technology, especially partial anatomy (topographicanatomy). In the studio of Verrocchio for almost 10 years, Leonardo studied the basic structure of the human body, drew many anatomical drawings of muscles, tendons, and faces, and also initially involved the application of anatomy to painting and sculpture , Grew into a master of partial anatomy, and was even absorbed into the Florence Painters Guild. [10]
However, his book was not published as "On Painting" until 1680 (died 161 years). In addition to humans, Leonardo also dissected cattle, poultry, monkeys, bears, and frogs as anatomical structures for comparison.
Leonardo da Vinci painted many figures of human bone iliac, and he was also the first person to specifically describe the double S shape of the spine. He also studied the inclination of the pelvis and sacrum and emphasized that the sacrum is not only a single form but also consists of 5 vertebrae. Leonardo can also express the shape of the skull and the different cross-sectional views of the brain (cross section, longitudinal section, tangential section). He drew many pictures including the lungs, mesentery, urinary tract, sexual organs and even sexual intercourse. He was the first person to draw a fetus in the womb (he wanted to understand the "fertility miracle") and the first to draw the appendix in the abdominal cavity. In addition, Da Vinci often depicts the muscles and tendons of the neck and shoulders. In 2005, Leonardo ’s paintings inspired a British cardiac surgeon to lead the development of a new method of repairing damaged hearts.
He can be said to be a master of topographic anatomy, not only outstanding in studying human anatomy, but also outstanding in anatomy of other animals. Leonardo cares not only about body structure, but also about physiological functions, which makes him an anatomist and physiologist. He actively sought out people with obvious physiological defects as models to draw funny drawings to highlight the significance of physiological functions. It is worth mentioning that Da Vinci can draw and write at the same time. [11]
Based on human anatomy research, Leonardo also designed the first robot in history. This design, called Leonardo's robot, was probably completed in 1495, but it was not discovered until the 1950s. I don't know if this design should be made into a solid.
Fascinated by the phenomenon of flying, Da Vinci did a detailed study of bird flight, and planned several flying machines, including the design of the helicopter (but because the body itself also rotates so it can not work) and light gliding wings. On January 3, 1496, he tested a homemade flying machine but failed.
In 1502, Da Vinci produced a draft bridge with a single span of up to 240 meters (720 feet) for the civil engineering project of Istanbul Ottoman Sultan Bayesert II. This design intends to allow the bridge to cross the Golden Horn at the mouth of the Bosphorus. However, it was not implemented because Bayesert II believed that it could not be built. In 2001, based on the design of Da Vinci, the Vebjön Sanda Vinci Project (Vebj & oslash; rn Sand Da Vinci Project) made the bridge a small bridge in Norway. On May 17, 2006, the Turkish government decided to build the Da Vinci Bridge on the ground to cross the Golden Horn and let the bridge finally take shape.
In 1490, Leonardo drew the concept of a stepless continuous automatic transmission into a sketch. Today, Da Vinci's gear shift concept is actually used in cars in a modern form. In addition, the stepless continuous automatic transmission has also been used for many years in tractors, snowmobiles, and speed locomotives.
Since Leonardo was a military engineer, the notes also included the design of several military machinery: machine guns, manpower or horse-drawn armed tanks, submunitions, military parachutes, diving with breathing hoses made of pigskin Install and so on. However, later he thought that war was the worst activity of human beings. Other inventions include the submarine, the gear device interpreted as the first mechanical computer, and the first programmable action robot misunderstood as the clockwork. In addition, Da Vinci planned to use solar energy and use concave mirrors to boil water in those years in the Vatican. Although most of Da Vinci's inventions have not been realized in his life, many models have been implemented under the auspices of IBM and displayed at the Clos de la Vinci Museum in Amboise.
Character experience
Early creation
When he studied art in the workshop, he showed extraordinary genius in painting. In about 1470, while assisting Verrocchio to paint "Baptism of Christ", although he only painted an angel kneeling beside Christ, his expression, expression, and soft tones have clearly surpassed Verrocchi. Oh. According to legend, Verrocchio no longer paints for this. His earliest existing work "Notice of Birth" is a piece of work that Leonardo completed independently without the guidance of a teacher. Except for a little freedom of conception, the scene of this painting was conceived by Da Vinci following the general perspective painting method.
Later, the San Bartolomeo Monastery on Mount Oriwitte also ordered this work. The later creation of "Ginevela Banchi", in contrast to the 15th-century art, pursues the tradition of distinct lines, with backlighting Hue renders the perspective effect he advocated. The "Doctor Comes to Worship" (also translated as "Three Kings Come to Worship") created in 1481 is a work that marks the maturity of its artistic style.
Although the painting was not completed due to his departure to Milan, it can be seen from the manuscript that the artistic innovation shown in the composition and image creation greatly surpassed his teacher and peers: the triangle formed by the Madonna and three doctors Stable composition, architectural relics drawn with precise perspective and galloping galloping horses and other backgrounds show that he no longer simply lists the relevant characters from the narrative point of view, but completely reforms the traditional theme. The dark-toned painting method he used made the figure stand out from the shadows, breaking through the characteristics clearly revealed by traditional painting, and heralding the arrival of the Renaissance.
Flourishing creation
In 1482, Leonardo came to Milan and painted the altarpiece "Our Lady of the Rock" at the invitation of the Church of San Francesco. The picture is now hidden in the Louvre. "Last Supper" is the most prestigious work of his period. This wet wall painting showing the scene of the farewell scene before the arrest of Christ and the last disciples' meal was painted on the wall of the dining room of the Grecchi Monastery in Milan. Its clever composition and unique layout make the hall on the screen closely connected with the living dining room architecture, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to be happening in front of him.
In the layout of the characters, it is arranged in the form of a dinner table, which separates Christ from the center of the picture. The other disciples express panic, anger, suspicion, confession and panic through their different expressions and gestures. This depiction of the typical character highlights the theme of the painting. It complements the unified effect of composition and is the most perfect example in the history of art.
In the late 15th century, he wrote "The Woman Holding the Silver Rat" for the mistress Cecilia Galerani, Duke of Ludovico Sforza, Milan. "The Woman Holding the Silver Mouse" is an outstanding portrait of Leonardo da Vinci, which embodies profound realism skills. This exquisite portrait has a noble and quiet character, and the sable hair of the mink embraced by the girl is lifelike and full of vitality, which fully reflects Da Vinci's superb painting skills, and the realistic shape of the mink makes the picture vivid. The most striking aspect of this portrait is the treatment of light and shade. The artist uses light and shadow to set off Cecilia's elegant head and soft face. Both form and spirit make this portrait highly respected by the world.
In 1500, Da Vinci returned to Florence. With the restoration of the republic system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and outstanding figures such as Michelangelo and Raphael appeared in the painting world. Leonardo da Vinci began to create "Virgin and Child and St. Anna and St. John" for the main altar of Lanzeta Cathedral. He exhibited a carefully sketched sketch of "Virgin and Child and St. Anna and St. John" to the public , Immediately caused a sensation, its composition principles and painting methods have a great influence on the art world, and Michelangelo and Raphael and others have also been inspired by it.
In 1503, he set out to paint the mural "Battle of Angeli" for the City Hall, while creating "Mona Lisa" and "Virgin and Child and Santa Ana and St. John" (later called "Virgin and Child and Santa Ana"), Together with "St. John the Baptist", these two paintings have become his most cherished works. They have always been with him. He moved to France in his later years and stayed in Paris. In 1499, in order to avoid war, Da Vinci traveled in Mantua and Venice and carried out some scientific research.
Giant Sleep
Leonardo da Vinci was invited to France in his later years by King Francois I of France. Francois I gave him the highest reception, placed it in the Crooks estate in the Amboise castle, and consulted from time to time . On May 2, 1519, the elder Da Vinci died of illness. It is said that he swallowed his last breath in the arms of Francois I. His most beloved student, Francisco Melz (Da Vinci entrusted all paintings and a large number of manuscripts to him before his death) said: "Da Vinci ’s death is a loss to everyone, the creator. Inability to create a genius like him. "
Leonardo da Vinci self-portrait
In science, Leonardo da Vinci is an obsessive observer who can express a phenomenon with a very fine description. But it is not verified through theory and experiment. Because of the lack of formal education in Latin and mathematics, most scholars of the same period did not notice Da Vinci in the field of science. Leonardo knows Latin by self-study. Someone once said that Da Vinci intended to publish a series of papers on various topics, but it did not materialize.
The rhombicuboctahedron painted by Leonardo da Vinci appeared in Diva Proportione in Luca Pacioli in 1509
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